Tichienderera mberi kubva muhurukuro yapfuura, kunyange hazvo maantenna achiuya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaumbirwo nemafomu, anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakawanda zvichienderana nekufanana.
Nekureba kwewavelength: antenna dzemafungu epakati, antenna dzemafungu mapfupi, antenna dzemafungu mapfupi zvakanyanya, antenna dzema microwave...
Nekushanda: ma antenna ane purofiti yakakura, ma antenna ane purofiti yepakati...
Nekutungamira: maantenna e-omnidirectional, maantenna e-directional, maantenna echikamu...
Nekushandisa: antenna dzechiteshi chepasi, antenna dzeterevhizheni, antenna dzeradar, antenna dzeredhiyo...
Nemagadzirirwo: antenna dzewaya,antenna dzakarongwa...
Nerudzi rwesystem: maantenna echinhu chimwe chete, ma arrays e antenna...
Nhasi tichatarisa pakukurukura nezvemaantenna epa base station.
Maantenna echiteshi chepasi chikamu chehurongwa hweantenna yechiteshi chepasi uye chikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwekutaurirana kwemafoni. Maantenna echiteshi chepasi anowanzo kamurwa kuita maantenna emukati nekunze. Maantenna emukati anowanzo sanganisira maantenna edenga anotenderera uye maantenna anotenderedzwa pamadziro. Tichatarisa maantenna ekunze, ayo akakamurwawo kuita marudzi e-omnidirectional uye directional. Maantenna ekutungamira anopatsanurwazve kuita maantenna e-directional single-polarized uye maantenna e-directional dual-polarized. Chii chinonzi polarization? Usanetseke, tichazokurukura izvozvo gare gare. Ngatitangei kutaura nezvemaantenna anotenderera uye anotenderedzwa. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, antenna inotenderedzwa inotumira uye inogamuchira masaini kumativi ese, nepo antenna inotenderedzwa ichitumira uye inogamuchira masaini munzira chaiyo.
Maantenna ekunze anotenderera ese anotaridzika seizvi:
Chaizvoizvo itsvimbo, dzimwe dzakakora, dzimwe dzakatetepa.
Zvichienzaniswa nemaantenna anotenderera ese, maantenna anotenderera ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa mumabasa chaiwo.
Kazhinji, inoita kunge panel yakati sandara, ndosaka ichinzi panel antenna.
Antena yakarongwa inonyanya kuve nezvikamu zvinotevera:
Chinhu chinopenya (dipole)
Chiratidziro (ndiro yechigadziko)
Network yekugovera magetsi (network yekudyisa)
Kuvharwa kwekaputi nekudzivirira (antenna radome)
Kare, takaona zvinhu zvinopenya zvine chimiro chinoshamisa, izvo chaizvoizvo zviri zvinhu zvinopenya zvemaantenna echiteshi chepasi. Wakaona here kuti maangles ezvinhu izvi zvinopenya anotevera patani yakati: zviri muchimiro che "+" kana kuti "×".
Izvi ndizvo zvatakambotaura kare se "polarization."
Kana mafungu eredhiyo achipararira muchadenga, divi remagetsi aro rinoshanduka zvichienderana nepatani yakati; chiitiko ichi chinonzi polarization yemafungu eredhiyo.
Kana divi remagetsi remafungu emagetsi rakamira pasi, tinoridaidza kuti mafungu akatenderera. Saizvozvowo, kana ari padivi pevhu, iwaya rakatenderera rakamira. Pamusoro pezvo, kunewo mafungu e±45°.
Uyezve, divi remagetsi rinogonawo kutenderera, iro rinonzi wave ine elliptically polarized.
Dual polarization zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zviviri zveantenna zvinobatanidzwa mukati meyuniti imwe chete, zvichigadzira mafungu maviri akazvimiririra.
Kushandisa maantenna ane polarized maviri kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwemaantenna anodiwa kuti masero avharwe, kuderedza zvinodiwa pakuisa maantenna, uye nokudaro kuderedza mari inoshandiswa, ukuwo uchiita kuti antenna ivharwe zvakanaka. Muchidimbu, zvine mabhenefiti akawanda.
Tinoenderera mberi nehurukuro yedu pamusoro pemaantenna anotenderera uye anotungamira.
Sei maantenna ekutungamira achigona kudzora kutungamira kwemwaranzi yechiratidzo?
Ngatitangei tatarisa dhayagiramu:
Rudzi urwu rwedhayagiramu runonzi antenna radiation pattern.
Nekuti nzvimbo ine mativi matatu, maonero aya ekubva kumusoro kuenda pasi uye maonero ekubva kumberi kuenda kumashure anopa nzira yakajeka uye inonzwisisika yekuona kupararira kwesimba remwaranzi yeantenna.
Mufananidzo uri pamusoro apa zvakare imhando yemwaranzi yeantenna inogadzirwa nehafu-wave symmetrical dipoles, dzakaita sevhiri rakarara pasi.
Tichitaura nezvazvo, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveantenna ndiko kuwanda kwayo kwemwaranzi.
Tingaita sei kuti antenna iyi irambe ichipenya zvakanyanya?
Mhinduro yacho ndeiyi—nekuirova!
Iye zvino daro remwaranzi richave rakakura zvikuru...
Dambudziko nderekuti, mwaranzi haioneki uye haibatike; haugone kuiona kana kuibata, uye haugone kuitora mifananidzo futi.
Mudzidziso yeantenna, kana uchida "kuirova", nzira chaiyo ndeyekuwedzera huwandu hwezvinhu zvinopenya.
Kana zvinhu zvichiwedzera kupenya, patani yemwaranzi inova yakati sandara...
Zvakanaka, tayi rakapetwa kuita dhisiki, nzvimbo yechiratidzo yakawedzerwa, uye rinopenya kumativi ese, madhigirii mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu; iantenna inotenderera kwese kwese. Rudzi urwu rweantenna rwakanakira kushandiswa munzvimbo dziri kure, dzakavhurika. Zvisinei, muguta, rudzi urwu rweantenna rwakaoma kushandisa zvinobudirira.
Mumaguta, uko kune vanhu vakawanda uye zvivakwa zvakawanda, zvinowanzo shandiswa kushandisa maantenna anotungamira kuti ape ruzivo kunzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Saka, tinofanira "kugadzirisa" antenna ye-omnidirectional.
Kutanga, tinofanira kutsvaga nzira yeku "dzvinyirira" divi rimwe chete rayo:
Tinoidzvanya sei? Tinoisa reflector toiisa parutivi rumwe. Zvadaro, tinoshandisa ma transducer akawanda kuti "titarise" mafungu eruzha.
Pakupedzisira, maitiro emwaranzi atakawana anoita seizvi:
Mudhayagiramu, gomba rine simba guru remwaranzi rinonzi gomba guru, nepo gomba rasara richinzi mativi kana kuti divi rechipiri, uye kunewo muswe mudiki kumashure unonzi gomba rekumashure.
Uh, chimiro ichi chakaita se... eggplant?
Nezve "bhinzi" iri, ungawedzera sei kufukidza kwayo zviratidzo?
Kuibata wakamira mumugwagwa hazvishande; kune zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda.
Kana wakamira pakakwirira, ndipo paunoona zviri kure, saka tinofanira kuvavarira kusvika panzvimbo yakakwirira.
Kana uri panzvimbo yakakwirira, unonangisa sei antenna pasi? Zviri nyore kwazvo, kungotsveta antenna pasi, handiti?
Ehe, kutsveyamisa antenna zvakananga panguva yekuisa inzira imwe yatinodaidza kuti "mechanical downtilting."
Maantenna emazuva ano ese ane kugona uku panguva yekuisa; ruoko rwemuchina runoritarisira.
Zvisinei, kudzika kwepasi kwemuchina kunounzawo dambudziko—
Pakushandisa mechanical downtilting, amplitudes yezvikamu zve vertical ne horizontal zve antenna inoramba isina kuchinja, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwe antenna pattern.
Izvi hazvishande zvachose, sezvo zvaizokanganisa kufukidzwa kwemasaini. Saka, takatora imwe nzira, iyo ndeye electrical downtilting, kana kungoti e-downtilting.
Muchidimbu, kudzika kwemagetsi kunosanganisira kuchengetedza kona chaiyo yemuviri weantenna isina kuchinja, uye kugadzirisa chikamu chezvinhu zveantenna kuti chinje simba remunda.
Zvichienzaniswa nekudzika kwesimba remagetsi, maantenna anodzika nemagetsi haaratidzi shanduko shoma mumwaranzi yawo, zvichiita kuti pave nemakona ekudzika kukuru, uye lobe huru nelobe yekumashure zvese zvakanangidzirwa pasi.
Ehe, pakushandisa zvinhu zvinoshanda, kutsvedza kwemuchina nekutsvedza kwemagetsi zvinowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete.
Mushure mekushandisa downtilt, zvinoita seizvi:
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, huwandu hukuru hwemwaranzi hweantenna hunoshandiswa zvinobudirira.
Zvisinei, matambudziko achiripo:
1. Pane kusava nechiedza muchimiro chemwaranzi pakati pechikamu chikuru nechikamu chezasi chedivi, zvichiita kuti pave nenzvimbo isingaonekwe sechiratidzo munzvimbo iyoyo. Izvi zvinowanzonzi "mumvuri".
2. Chikamu chepamusoro chedivi chine kona yakakwira, chinokanganisa nzvimbo dziri kure uye chinokonzera nyore nyore kupindirana pakati pemasero, zvichireva kuti chiratidzo chichakanganisa mamwe masero.
Saka, tinofanira kuedza kuzadza mukaha uri mu "kudzika kwepasi" uye kudzvinyirira kusimba kwe "upper sidelobe."
Nzira dzacho dzinosanganisira kugadzirisa divi relobe uye kushandisa matekiniki akadai se beamforming. Ruzivo rwehunyanzvi rwacho rwakaoma kunzwisisa. Kana uchifarira, unogona kutsvaga ruzivo rwakakodzera iwe pachako.
Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve antenna, ndapota shanyira:
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-04-2025
