1. Nhanganyaya yeAntennas
Antena chimiro chekuchinja pakati penzvimbo yakasununguka netambo yekutumira, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Tambo yekutumira inogona kunge iri muchimiro chetambo ye coaxial kana chubhu isina chinhu (waveguide), iyo inoshandiswa kutumira simba remagetsi kubva kunobva kuenda kune antenna, kana kubva kune antenna kuenda kune receiver. Yekutanga iantenna inotumira, uye yekupedzisira iantenna inogamuchira.
Mufananidzo 1 Nzira yekutumira simba remagetsi (nzvimbo isina antenna)
Kutumirwa kwesystem yeantenna muchimiro chekutumira cheMufananidzo 1 kunomiririrwa neThevenin equivalent sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 2, uko sosi inomiririrwa nejenareta yechiratidzo yakakodzera, mutsetse wekutumira unomiririrwa nemutsetse une impedance yeZc, uye antenna inomiririrwa ne load ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Kuramba kwemutoro RL kunomiririra kudonha kwemhepo ne dielectric kwakabatana ne antenna structure, nepo Rr inomiririra resistance yemwaranzi ye antenna, uye reactance XA inoshandiswa kumiririra chikamu chekufungidzira che impedance chakabatana ne antenna radiation. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, simba rese rinogadzirwa ne signal source rinofanira kutamisirwa ku radiation resistance Rr, iyo inoshandiswa kumiririra kugona kwemwaranzi ye antenna. Zvisinei, mukushanda kwakakodzera, kune kurasikirwa kwe conductor-dielectric nekuda kwehunhu hwe transmission line ne antenna, pamwe nekurasikirwa kunokonzerwa ne reflection (kusawirirana) pakati pe transmission line ne antenna. Tichifunga nezvekuvharirwa kwemukati kwechinhu chinobuda uye kusateerera mutsetse wekutumira uye kurasikirwa kwekuratidzira (kusawirirana), simba guru rinopihwa kune antenna iri pasi pekubatana kwemagetsi.
Mufananidzo 2
Nekuda kwekusawirirana kuripo pakati petambo yekutumira neantenna, wave inoonekwa kubva panzvimbo inosanganisirwa inoiswa pamusoro pewave yechiitiko kubva kunobva kuenda kune antenna kuti igadzire wave yakamira, iyo inomiririra huwandu hwesimba uye kuchengetwa uye chishandiso chakajairika che resonant. Patani yakajairika yemafungu akamira inoratidzwa nemutsetse une madotsi muMufananidzo 2. Kana sisitimu yeantenna isina kugadzirwa nemazvo, tambo yekutumira inogona kushanda sechinhu chekuchengetedza simba zvakanyanya, pane sewaveguide uye chishandiso chekutumira simba.
Kurasikirwa kunokonzerwa netambo yekutumira, antenna nemafungu akamira hazvidiwi. Kurasikirwa kwemitsara kunogona kuderedzwa nekusarudza tambo dzekutumira dzinorasikirwa zvishoma, nepo kurasikirwa kweantenna kunogona kuderedzwa nekuderedza kuramba kurasikirwa kunomiririrwa neRL muMufananidzo 2. Mafungu akamira anogona kuderedzwa uye kuchengetwa kwesimba mumutsara kunogona kuderedzwa nekuenzanisa impedance yeantenna (mutoro) nechimiro che impedance yetambo.
Mumasisitimu asina waya, pamusoro pekugamuchira kana kutumira simba, maantenna anowanzo dikanwa kuti awedzere simba rinopfuudzwa munzira dzakasiyana uye kudzvinyirira simba rinopfuudzwa kune dzimwe nzira. Nokudaro, pamusoro pemidziyo yekuona, maantenna anofanirawo kushandiswa semidziyo yekutungamira. Maantenna anogona kuva mumhando dzakasiyana kuti agutse zvinodiwa. Inogona kuva waya, aperture, patch, element assembly (array), reflector, lens, nezvimwewo.
Mumasisitimu ekutaurirana asina waya, maantenna ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakakosha. Kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwemaantenna kunogona kuderedza zvinodiwa zvesisitimu uye kuvandudza mashandiro esisitimu yese. Muenzaniso wekare iterevhizheni, uko kugamuchira nhepfenyuro kunogona kuvandudzwa nekushandisa maantenna anoshanda zvakanyanya. Maantenna ndiwo masisitimu ekutaurirana ayo maziso ari kuvanhu.
2. Kupatsanurwa kweAntena
1. Antena yeWaya
Maantenna ewaya ndeimwe yemhando dzakajairika dzemaantenna nekuti anowanikwa kwese kwese - mota, zvivakwa, ngarava, ndege, zvitundumuseremusere, nezvimwewo. Kune maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana emaantenna ewaya, akadai semutsetse wakatwasuka (dipole), loop, spiral, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3. Maantenna ewaya haangodi kutenderera chete. Anogona kunge ari rectangular, square, oval kana chero chimwe chimiro. Antena yakatenderera ndiyo inonyanya kuwanikwa nekuda kwechimiro chayo chiri nyore.
Mufananidzo 3
2. MaAntena eKuvhura
Maantenna eAperture ari kutamba basa guru nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekudiwa kwemhando dzakaoma dzemaantenna uye kushandiswa kwemafrequencies akakwirira. Mamwe marudzi emaantenna eAperture (pyramidal, conical uye rectangular horn antennas) anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Rudzi urwu rweantenna runobatsira zvikuru kumashandisirwo endege nendege nekuti anogona kuiswa zviri nyore paganda rekunze rendege kana spacecraft. Pamusoro pezvo, anogona kufukidzwa nechikamu che dielectric material kuti adzidzivirire kubva kunzvimbo dzakaoma.
Mufananidzo 4
3. Kanyanga ye microstrip
Ma antenna e microstrip akatanga kufarirwa zvikuru muma1970, kunyanya pakushandiswa kwesatellite. Antena iyi ine dielectric substrate uye simbi. Chigamba chesimbi chinogona kuva nemaumbirwo akasiyana-siyana, uye antenna ye rectangular patch inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 5 ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Ma antenna e microstrip haana chimiro chakaderera, akakodzera nzvimbo dzakatenderera uye dzisina planar, ari nyore uye asingadhuri kugadzira, ane simba rakasimba kana akaiswa panzvimbo dzakasimba, uye anoenderana nemagadzirirwo eMMIC. Anogona kuiswa pamusoro pendege, ngarava dzemuchadenga, satellite, zvombo zvinokandwa, mota, uye kunyange nharembozha uye anogona kugadzirwa zvinoenderana.
Mufananidzo 5
4. Antena yeArray
Hunhu hwemwaranzi hunodiwa nekushandiswa kwakawanda hunogona kusawanikwa nechinhu chimwe chete cheantenna. MaAntenna arrays anogona kuita kuti mwaranzi inobva kuzvinhu izvi igadzire mwaranzi yepamusoro mune imwe kana kupfuura divi rakatarwa, muenzaniso wakajairika unoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6.
Mufananidzo 6
5. Antena yeReflector
Kubudirira kwekutsvaga muchadenga kwakakonzerawo kukura nekukurumidza kwedzidziso yeantenna. Nekuda kwekudiwa kwekutaurirana kure kure, maantenna anowana simba rakawanda anofanira kushandiswa kutumira nekugamuchira masaini kure nemamiriyoni emakiromita. Mukushandiswa uku, fomu yeantenna yakajairika iantenna yeparabolic inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 7. Rudzi urwu rweantenna rune dhayamita yemamita mazana matatu nemashanu kana kupfuura, uye saizi yakakura kudaro inodiwa kuti uwane gain yakakwira inodiwa kutumira kana kugamuchira masaini kure nemamiriyoni emakiromita. Imwe mhando yereflector ireflector yekona, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 7 (c).
Mufananidzo 7
6. MaAntena eLenzi
Magirazi anonyanya kushandiswa kuunganidza simba rakapararira kuti risapararire munzira dzisina kudiwa dzemwaranzi. Nekuchinja kwakakodzera geometry yelenzi uye kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera, anogona kushandura mhando dzakasiyana dzesimba rakasiyana kuita mafungu endege. Anogona kushandiswa muzvishandiso zvakawanda senge parabolic reflector antennas, kunyanya pamafrequency akakwira, uye saizi yawo nehuremu zvinova zvakakura kwazvo pamafrequency akaderera. Maantenna elenzi anorongwa zvichienderana nezvinhu zvawo zvekuvaka kana maumbirwo ejometri, mamwe acho anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 8.
Mufananidzo 8
Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve antenna, ndapota shanyira:
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-19-2024
