Mainjiniya emagetsi vanoziva kuti maantenna anotumira uye anogamuchira zviratidzo muchimiro chemafungu esimba remagetsi (EM) anotsanangurwa nemaequation aMaxwell. Sezvakaita mune dzimwe nyaya, maequation aya, uye kupararira, hunhu hwemagetsi emagetsi, zvinogona kudzidzwa pamatanho akasiyana, kubva pamashoko emhando yepamusoro kusvika kumaequation akaomarara.
Kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa mukupararira kwesimba remagetsi, chimwe chazvo i polarization, iyo inogona kuva nematanho akasiyana-siyana ekukanganisa kana kunetseka mumashandisirwo uye magadzirirwo adzo eantenna. Nheyo huru dze polarization dzinoshanda kune ese ma electromagnetic radiation, kusanganisira RF/wireless, optical energy, uye dzinowanzo shandiswa mumashandisirwo e optical.
Chii chinonzi polarization ye antenna?
Tisati tanzwisisa polarization, tinofanira kutanga tanzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yemafungu emagetsi. Mafungu aya anoumbwa neminda yemagetsi (E fields) neminda yemagineti (H fields) uye anofamba akananga kune rimwe divi. Minda yeE neH dzakatarisana uye dziri kudivi rekupararira kwemafungu endege.
Polarization inoreva ndege yeE-field kubva pakuona kwemuchina wekutumira masaini: kune polarization yakatwasuka, munda wemagetsi uchafamba nedivi mundege yakatwasuka, nepo kune polarization yakatwasuka, munda wemagetsi uchatenderera kumusoro nekudzika mundege yakatwasuka. (Mufananidzo 1).
Mufananidzo 1: Mafungu esimba remagetsi anosanganisira zvikamu zvemunda weE neH zvakamira zvakatenderedzana
Kupatsanurana kwemutsetse uye kupatsanurana kwedenderedzwa
Nzira dzePolarization dzinosanganisira zvinotevera:
Mukutanga kwepolarization yemutsetse, polarization mbiri dzinogona kuitika dzinoenderana (kutenderera) (Mufananidzo 2). Mudzidziso, antenna inogamuchira polarized yakatambanudzwa hainga "one" chiratidzo kubva kuantenna yakatambanudzwa yakatambanudzwa uye zvinopesana, kunyangwe zvese zvichishanda pafrequency imwe chete. Kana zvikanyatsorongeka, chiratidzo chakawanda chinotorwa, uye simba rinofambiswa rinowedzerwa kana polarizations ikabatana.
Mufananidzo 2: Linear polarization inopa sarudzo mbiri dze polarization pamakona akarurama kune mumwe nemumwe
Kupatsanurana kwe oblique kwe antenna rudzi rwekupatsanurana kwe linear. Kufanana nekupatsanurana kwe horizontal ne vertical, kupatsanurana uku kunongonzwisisika munzvimbo yepasi. Kupatsanurana kwe oblique kuri pa angle ye ±45 degrees kusvika kune horizontal reference plane. Kunyange zvazvo iyi iri imwe nzira yekupatsanurana kwe linear, izwi rekuti "linear" rinowanzo reva ma antenna akapatsanurana kana kuti akatsetseka.
Pasinei nekurasikirwa kwakati wandei, masaini anotumirwa (kana kugamuchirwa) ne-diagonal antenna anogoneka chete ne-horizontal kana vertical polarized antennas. Ma-obliquely polarized antennas anobatsira kana polarization yeimwe kana ese antennas isingazivikanwe kana kuchinja panguva yekushandiswa.
Kutenderera kwedenderedzwa (CP) kwakaoma kupfuura kutenderera kwemutsetse. Munzira iyi, kutenderera kwedenderedzwa kunomiririrwa neE field vector kunotenderera sezvo chiratidzo chichipararira. Kana ichitenderedzwa kurudyi (yakatarisa kubva kune transmitter), kutenderera kwedenderedzwa kunonzi kutenderera kwedenderedzwa kwerudyi (RHCP); kana ichitenderedzwa kuruboshwe, kutenderera kwedenderedzwa kweruoko rweruboshwe (LHCP) (Mufananidzo 3)
Mufananidzo 3: Mudenderedzwa repolarization, E field vector ye electromagnetic wave inotenderera; kutenderera uku kunogona kuitwa neruoko rwerudyi kana rweruboshwe.
Chiratidzo cheCP chine mafungu maviri e-orthogonal ari kunze kwechikamu. Zvinhu zvitatu zvinodiwa kuti pave nechiratidzo cheCP. Munda weE unofanirwa kunge uine zvikamu zviviri zve-orthogonal; zvikamu zviviri izvi zvinofanira kunge zviri kunze kwechikamu nemadhigirii makumi mapfumbamwe uye zvakaenzana muhukuru. Nzira iri nyore yekugadzira CP ndeyekushandisa antenna yehelical.
Elliptical polarization (EP) rudzi rweCP. Mafungu eElliptically polarized ndiwo gain inoburitswa nemafungu maviri ane polarized linearly, semafungu eCP. Kana mafungu maviri ane polarized linearly perpendicular ane equal amplitudes akabatanidzwa, wave ine polarized elliptically inoburitswa.
Kusawirirana kwepolarization pakati peantennas kunotsanangurwa ne polarization loss factor (PLF). Iyi parameter inoratidzwa muma decibels (dB) uye ibasa remusiyano we polarization angle pakati pe transmitting ne receiving antennas. Mupfungwa, PLF inogona kubva pa 0 dB (hapana kurasikirwa) kune antenna yakanyatsoenderana kusvika ku infinite dB (infinite loss) kune antenna yakakwana.
Zvisinei, muchokwadi, kurongeka (kana kusarongeka) kwepolarization hakuna kukwana nekuti nzvimbo yemuchina yeantenna, maitiro emushandisi, kukanganiswa kwechiteshi, kuratidzwa kwenzira dzakawanda, nezvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kukonzera kukanganiswa kwekona kwesimba remagetsi rinotumirwa. Pakutanga, pachava ne10 - 30 dB kana kupfuura "leakage" yesignal cross-polarization kubva ku orthogonal polarization, iyo mune dzimwe nguva inogona kukwana kukanganisa kudzoserwa kwechiratidzo chaunoda.
Kusiyana neizvi, PLF chaiyo yemaantenna maviri akabatana ane polarization yakakodzera inogona kuva 10 dB, 20 dB, kana kupfuura, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, uye inogona kukanganisa kudzoreredzwa kwemasaini. Nemamwe mashoko, cross-polarization isina kurongeka uye PLF zvinogona kushanda nenzira mbiri nekukanganisa chiratidzo chaunoda kana kuderedza simba rechiratidzo chaunoda.
Sei uchifanira kufunga nezve polarization?
Polarization inoshanda nenzira mbiri: kana maantenna maviri akarongeka uye aine polarization yakafanana, simba rechiratidzo chinogamuchirwa rinova nani. Kusiyana neizvi, kusarongeka kwepolarization kwakanaka kunoita kuti zviomere vanogamuchira, vangave vachida kana kuti vasina kugutsikana, kubata zvakakwana chiratidzo chavanoda. Kazhinji, "chiteshi" chinokanganisa polarization inotumirwa, kana kuti imwe kana ese maantenna haasi munzira yakatarwa.
Sarudzo yekuti ndeipi polarization yekushandisa inowanzo tsanangurwa nekuisa kana mamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, antenna yakarara yakatsetseka ichaita zvirinani uye icharamba ichiramba ichitenderera kana yaiswa pedyo nedenga; zvinopesana, antenna yakarara yakatenderera ichaita zvirinani uye icharamba ichiita polarization kana yaiswa pedyo nemadziro eparutivi.
Antena yedipole inoshandiswa zvakanyanya (isina kana kuti yakapetwa) yakapatsanurwa yakatenderedzwa mu "normal" mounting orientation yayo (Mufananidzo 4) uye inowanzo tenderedzwa nemadhigirii makumi mapfumbamwe kuti itore vertical polarization kana ichidikanwa kana kutsigira polarization mode inodiwa (Mufananidzo 5).
Mufananidzo 4: Antena yedipole inowanzoiswa yakatwasuka padanda rayo kuti ipe polarization yakatwasuka
Mufananidzo 5: Pamapurogiramu anoda polarization yakatwasuka, dipole antenna inogona kuiswa zvinoenderana nekwainobata antenna.
Kupatsanura kwemagetsi (vertical polarization) kunowanzo shandiswa pamaradio enhare anobatwa nemaoko, akadai seaya anoshandiswa nevanhu vanotanga kupindura, nekuti magadzirirwo akawanda emaantenna eredhiyo ane polarized vertical polarized anopawo pateni yemwaranzi ye-omnidirectional. Saka, maantenna akadaro haafanire kuchinjirwa kumashure kunyangwe divi reredhiyo neantenna richichinja.
Maantenna e3 - 30 MHz ane mafrequency akakwirira (HF) anowanzo gadzirwa sewaya refu dzakasungirirwa pamwe chete dzakatwasuka pakati pemabhuraketi. Kureba kwayo kunotsanangurwa nehukuru hwewavelength (10 - 100 m). Rudzi urwu rweantenna rwakapatsanurwa zvakatwasuka.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kutaura nezvebhendi iri se "high frequency" kwakatanga makumi emakore apfuura, apo 30 MHz yaive high frequency. Kunyangwe tsananguro iyi yava kuita seisina nguva, izita repamutemo reInternational Telecommunications Union uye richiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya.
Polarization inodiwa inogona kusarudzwa nenzira mbiri: kungave kushandisa mafungu epasi kuti aratidze zviratidzo zvakasimba zvepfupi nemidziyo yekuparadzira inoshandisa 300 kHz - 3 MHz medium wave (MW) band, kana kushandisa mafungu edenga kwenguva refu kuburikidza ne ionosphere Link. Kazhinji, maantenna ane polarized vertically ane kupararira kuri nani kwepasi, nepo maantenna ane polarized horizontal ane mashandiro ari nani edenga.
Kutenderera kwedenderedzwa kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya kumasatellite nekuti kurongeka kwesatellite kana tichienzanisa nenzvimbo dziri pasi nemamwe masatellite kuri kuchinja nguva dzose. Kushanda zvakanaka pakati pemaantenna ekutumira nekugamuchira kwakanyanya kana ese ari maviri akatenderera, asi maantenna ane polarized linearly anogona kushandiswa nemaantenna eCP, kunyangwe paine polarization loss factor.
Polarization inokoshawo kune masisitimu e5G. Mamwe ma antenna arrays e5G multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) anowedzera throughput nekushandisa polarization kuti ishandise zviri nani spectrum iripo. Izvi zvinoitwa nekushandisa musanganiswa we signal polarizations dzakasiyana uye spatial multiplexing ye antennas (space diversity).
Sisitimu iyi inogona kutumira data streams mbiri nekuti data streams dzakabatana ne orthogonally polarized antennas uye dzinogona kudzoserwa dzoga. Kunyangwe paine cross-polarization nekuda kwe path and channel distortion, reflections, multipath, nezvimwe zvisina kunaka, receiver inoshandisa ma algorithms akanyanya kunaka kuti idzore chiratidzo chega chega chekutanga, zvichikonzera low bit error rates (BER) uye pakupedzisira spectrum Utilization yakavandudzika.
mukupedzisa
Polarization imhando inokosha yeantenna iyo inowanzo furatirwa. Linear (kusanganisira horizontal ne vertical) polarization, oblique polarization, circular polarization uye elliptical polarization zvinoshandiswa pakushandisa kwakasiyana. Kuwanda kweRF performance iyo antenna inogona kuita kunoenderana nekwairi uye kurongeka kwayo. Ma antenna akajairwa ane polarization dzakasiyana uye akakodzera zvikamu zvakasiyana zve spectrum, zvichipa polarization inodiwa kune chinangwa chekushandisa.
Zvigadzirwa Zvinokurudzirwa:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Maparamita | Zvakajairika | Zviyero |
| Rudzi rweMafambiro | 20-30 | GHz |
| Kuwana | 15 Rudzi. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Rudzi. | |
| Kupatsanurana | Dual Mutsetse | |
| Kuparadzaniswa kweCross Pol. | Mhando 60. | dB |
| Kuparadzaniswa kweChiteshi | Mhando 70. | dB |
| Chinobatanidza | SMA-Femail | |
| Zvinhu | Al | |
| Kupedzisa | Pendi | |
| Saizi(Kureba Kureba) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Huremu | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Chinhu | Tsanangudzo | Chikamu |
| Rudzi rweMafambiro | 1-18 | GHz |
| Kuwana | 10 Rudzi. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Rudzi. | |
| Kupatsanurana | Mutsetse | |
| Kuparadzaniswa kweCross Po. | 30 Rudzi. | dB |
| Chinobatanidza | SMA-Mukadzi | |
| Kupedzisa | Pkwete | |
| Zvinhu | Al | |
| Saizi(Kureba Kureba) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Huremu | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Maparamita | Zvakajairika | Zviyero |
| Rudzi rweMafambiro | 2-18 | GHz |
| Kuwana | 15 Rudzi. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Rudzi. |
|
| Kupatsanurana | Dual Mutsetse |
|
| Kuparadzaniswa kweCross Pol. | 40 | dB |
| Kuparadzaniswa kweChiteshi | 40 | dB |
| Chinobatanidza | SMA-F |
|
| Kurapa Kwepamusoro | Pkwete |
|
| Saizi(Kureba Kureba) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Huremu | 0.945 | kg |
| Zvinhu | Al |
|
| Tembiricha yekushanda | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Maparamita | Zvakajairika | Zviyero |
| Rudzi rweMafambiro | 93-95 | GHz |
| Kuwana | 22 Rudzi. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Rudzi. |
|
| Kupatsanurana | Dual Mutsetse |
|
| Kuparadzaniswa kweCross Pol. | Mhando 60. | dB |
| Kuparadzaniswa kweChiteshi | 67 Rudzi. | dB |
| Chinobatanidza | WR10 |
|
| Zvinhu | Cu |
|
| Kupedzisa | Yendarama |
|
| Saizi(Kureba Kureba) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Huremu | 0.015 | kg |
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-11-2024
