1. Nhanganyaya
Kuunganidza simba reRadio frequency (RF) (RFEH) uye radiative wireless power transfer (WPT) zvakakwezva kufarira kukuru senzira dzekuwana network dzisina mabhatiri. MaRectenna ndiwo musimboti wemasystem eWPT neRFEH uye ane simba guru pamagetsi eDC anounzwa kumutoro. Zvinhu zveantenna zverectenna zvinokanganisa zvakananga kushanda zvakanaka kwekukohwa, izvo zvinogona kuchinja simba rekukohwa nehukuru hwakasiyana. Pepa iri rinoongorora magadzirirwo eantenna anoshandiswa muWPT uye ambient RFEH applications. MaRectenna akataurwa akarongwa zvichienderana nezviyero zviviri zvikuru: antenna rectening impedance bandwidth uye radiation characteristics yeantenna. Pachiyero chega chega, figure of merit (FoM) yemashandisirwo akasiyana inosarudzwa uye inoongororwa zvichienzaniswa.
WPT yakakurudzirwa naTesla kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 senzira yekufambisa zviuru zvemabhiza. Izwi rekuti rectenna, iro rinotsanangura antenna yakabatana ne rectifier kuti iwane simba reRF, rakatanga kushandiswa muma1950s pakushandisa simba re microwave space uye pakushandisa ma drones anozvitonga. WPT inofamba nendege imwe chete, ine divi refu, inodzorwa nehunhu hwemhepo inopararira (mhepo). Saka, WPT yekutengeserana inonyanya kuganhurirwa pakufambisa simba risingasvibiswe nemhepo iri pedyo nemunda (near-field non-radiative power transfer) yekuchaja magetsi emagetsi asingashandisi waya kana RFID.
Sezvo kushandiswa kwesimba kwemidziyo ye semiconductor uye ma sensor nodes asina waya kuri kuramba kuchiderera, zvinova nyore kushandisa ma sensor nodes ane simba remagetsi uchishandisa ambient RFEH kana kushandisa ma transmitter ane simba diki anoparadzirwa. Masisitimu emagetsi asina simba diki anowanzo kuve neRF acquisition front end, DC power and memory management, uye microprocessor ine simba diki uye transceiver.
Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza magadzirirwo eRFEH wireless node uye mashandisirwo anowanzo taurwa eRF front-end. Kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba remagetsi risina waya uye magadzirirwo enetwork yeruzivo rwemagetsi isina waya yakawiriraniswa zvinoenderana nekushanda kwezvikamu zvega zvega, zvakaita seantennas, rectifiers, uye power management circuits. Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzemabhuku dzakaitwa kuzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesystem. Tafura 1 inopfupikisa danho rekushandura simba, zvikamu zvakakosha zvekushandura simba zvinobudirira, uye ongororo dzemabhuku dzine chekuita nechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Mabhuku achangoburwa anotarisa patekinoroji yekushandura simba, magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa, kana RFEH inoziva network.
Mufananidzo 1
Zvisinei, dhizaini yeantenna haionekwi sechinhu chakakosha muRFEH. Kunyangwe mamwe mabhuku achifunga nezve bandwidth yeantenna uye kushanda zvakanaka kubva pamaonero ese kana kubva pamaonero chaiwo ekugadzira antenna, senge ma antenna madiki kana anogona kupfekwa, kukanganisa kwemamwe ma parameter eantenna pakugamuchira simba uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekushandura hakuna kuongororwa zvakadzama.
Pepa rino rinoongorora matekiniki ekugadzira antenna muma rectenna nechinangwa chekusiyanisa matambudziko ekugadzira antenna eRFEH neWPT kubva pakugadzirwa kwe antenna yekutaurirana yakajairika. Ma antenna anoenzaniswa kubva pamaonero maviri: kufananidza impedance kubva pakuguma kusvika pakuguma uye hunhu hwemwaranzi; mune imwe neimwe nyaya, FoM inowanikwa uye inoongororwa muma antenna emazuva ano (SoA).
2. Bandwidth uye Matching: Non-50Ω RF Networks
Hunhu hweimpedance ye50Ω ipfungwa yekutanga yekuenzanisa pakati pekuderera kwesimba uye simba mu microwave engineering applications. Muma antenna, bandwidth yeimpedance inotsanangurwa se frequency range apo simba rinoratidzwa riri pasi pe10% (S11< − 10 dB). Sezvo ma amplifiers ane ruzha rwakaderera (LNAs), ma amplifiers esimba, uye ma detectors anowanzo kugadzirwa ne 50Ω input impedance match, 50Ω source ndiyo inowanzo shandiswa.
Mu rectenna, kubuda kwe antenna kunoiswa zvakananga mu rectifier, uye kusaenderana kwe diode kunokonzera musiyano mukuru mu input impedance, ne capacitive component ichitonga. Tichifunga nezve 50Ω antenna, dambudziko guru nderekugadzira imwe RF matching network yekushandura input impedance kuita impedance ye rectifier pa frequency of interest uye kuigadzirisa kune imwe power level. Muchiitiko ichi, end-to-end impedance bandwidth inodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekushandurwa kweRF kuenda kuDC kunoshanda. Nokudaro, kunyangwe ma antenna achigona kuwana theoretically infinite kana ultra-wide bandwidth achishandisa periodic elements kana self-complementary geometry, bandwidth ye rectenna ichavharirwa ne rectifier matching network.
Matopologi akawanda e rectena akakurudzirwa kuti awane kukohwa kwe single-band uye multi-band kana WPT nekuderedza kuratidzwa uye kuwedzera simba rekufambisa pakati pe antenna ne rectifier. Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza maumbirwo ematopologi e rectena akataurwa, akarongwa nehurongwa hwavo hwe impedance matching. Tafura 2 inoratidza mienzaniso ye ma rectena ane simba repamusoro maererano ne end-to-end bandwidth (munyaya ino, FoM) yechikamu chimwe nechimwe.
Mufananidzo 2 Magadzirirwo eRectena kubva pamaonero ekubatanidza bandwidth ne impedance. (a) Rectenna yebhendi rimwe chete ine antenna yakajairwa. (b) Rectenna yebhendi yakawanda (inoumbwa nemaantenna akawanda akabatana) ine rectifier imwe chete uye network inoenderana pabhendi rega rega. (c) Rectenna yebhendi ine maRF ports akawanda uye network dzakasiyana dzekubatanidza dzebhendi rega rega. (d) Rectenna yebhendi rimwe chete ine antenna yebhendi uye network inoenderana ne broadband. (e) Rectenna yebhendi rimwe chete ichishandisa antenna diki yemagetsi yakabatana zvakananga ne rectifier. (f) Antena yebhendi rimwe chete, yakakura yemagetsi ine impedance yakaoma yekubatanidza ne rectifier. (g) Rectenna yebhendi ine impedance yakaoma yekubatanidza ne rectifier pamusoro pema frequency akasiyana-siyana.
Kunyange hazvo WPT neRFEH yemhepo inobva kufeed yakatsaurirwa zviri mashandisirwo akasiyana erectenna, kuwana match-to-end pakati peantenna, rectifier uye load kwakakosha kuti uwane high power conversion efficiency (PCE) kubva pamaonero ebandwidth. Kunyange zvakadaro, WPT rectennas inonyanya kutarisa pakuwana high quality factor matching (lower S11) kuti ivandudze single-band PCE pane mamwe masimba (topology a, e na f). bandwidth yakafara ye single-band WPT inovandudza kusadzivirirwa kwesystem ku detuning, manufacturing defects uye packaging parasites. Kune rumwe rutivi, RFEH rectennas inonyanya kukoshesa multi-band operation uye ndeye topology bd na g, sezvo power spectral density (PSD) ye single band inowanzova yakaderera.
3. Dhizaini yeantenna ine rectangular
1. Rectenna imwe chete
Dhizaini yeantenna ye single-frequency rectenna (topology A) inonyanya kuenderana nedhizaini yeantenna yakajairwa, senge linear polarization (LP) kana circular polarization (CP) radiating patch on the ground plane, dipole antenna uye inverted F antenna. Differential band rectenna yakavakirwa paDC combination array yakagadzirirwa nema antenna akawanda kana musanganiswa weDC neRF wema patch units akawanda.
Sezvo akawanda emaantenna ari maantenna e-single-frequency uye achizadzisa zvinodiwa ne single-frequency WPT, kana uchitsvaga environmental multi-frequency RFEH, maantenna akawanda e-single-frequency anosanganiswa kuita multi-band rectennas (topology B) nekudzvinyirirwa kwekubatana pamwe nekubatana kweDC kwakazvimirira mushure me power management circuit kuti azviparadzanise zvachose kubva kuRF acquisition and conversion circuit. Izvi zvinoda ma circuit akawanda epower management ebhendi rega rega, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kushanda kwe boost converter nekuti simba reDC rebhendi rimwe chete rakaderera.
2. Maantenna eRFEH ane mabhendi akawanda uye e-broadband
RFEH yezvakatipoteredza inowanzobatanidzwa nekutenga mabhendi akawanda; saka, matekiniki akasiyana-siyana akakurudzirwa ekuvandudza bandwidth yemagadzirirwo eantenna akajairwa uye nzira dzekugadzira ma antenna ane mabhendi maviri kana mabhendi. Muchikamu chino, tinoongorora magadzirirwo eantenna akagadzirwa eRFEH, pamwe nema antenna ekare ane mabhendi akawanda anogona kushandiswa sema rectenna.
Maantenna eCoplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole anogara munzvimbo shoma pane maantenna emicrostrip patch panguva imwe chete uye anogadzira mafungu eLP kana CP, uye anowanzo shandiswa kune ma rectenna enharaunda yebroadband. Mapurani ekufungisisa anoshandiswa kuwedzera kupatsanurwa uye kuvandudza gain, zvichikonzera mapatani emwaranzi akafanana nema antenna epatch. Ma antenna eSlotted coplanar waveguide anoshandiswa kuvandudza impedance bandwidths yema frequency band akawanda, akadai se1.8–2.7 GHz kana 1–3 GHz. Ma antenna eslot akasanganiswa uye ma antenna epatch anowanzo shandiswawo mumagadzirirwo e multi-band rectenna. Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza mamwe ma antenna e multi-band akataurwa anoshandisa nzira yekuvandudza bandwidth inopfuura imwe.
Mufananidzo 3
Kufananidza kweAntenna-Rectifier Impedance
Kufananidza antenna ye50Ω ne nonlinear rectifier kwakaoma nekuti input impedance yayo inosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekakawanda. Mumatopologies A naB (Mufananidzo 2), common matching network iLC match inoshandisa lumped elements; zvisinei, relative bandwidth inowanzo kuve yakaderera pane akawanda macommunication bands. Single-band stub matching inowanzo shandiswa muma microwave nema millimeter-wave bands ari pasi pe 6 GHz, uye millimeter-wave rectennas dzakataurwa dzine bandwidth yakamanikana nekuti PCE bandwidth yavo yakavharirwa nekudzvinyirirwa kwe output harmonic, izvo zvinoita kuti dzinyanye kukodzera ma single-band WPT applications mu 24 GHz unlicensed band.
Ma rectenna ari mu topologies C na D ane ma network ekufananidza akaomarara. Ma network ekufananidza emutsetse akagoverwa zvizere akakurudzirwa kuti aenzanise broadband, neRF block/DC short circuit (pass filter) pa output port kana DC blocking capacitor senzira yekudzosa ma diode harmonics. Zvikamu zve rectifier zvinogona kutsiviwa nema printed circuit board (PCB) interdigitated capacitors, ayo anogadzirwa achishandisa maturusi ekugadzira otomatiki emagetsi ekutengesa. Mamwe ma network ekufananidza e broadband rectenna akataurwa anosanganisa zvinhu zvakaungana kuti zvienzanise nema frequency akaderera uye zvinhu zvakagoverwa kuti zvigadzire RF short pakupinda.
Kuchinja-chinja kweimpedance yekupinda inoonekwa nemutoro kuburikidza nechinhu chinobuda (chinozivikanwa senzira yekudhonza manyuko) kwakashandiswa kugadzira broadband rectifier ine 57% relative bandwidth (1.25–2.25 GHz) uye PCE yakakwira ne10% zvichienzaniswa nelumped kana distributed circuits. Kunyangwe ma matching network achiwanzogadzirwa kuti aenderane neantennas pamusoro pe50Ω bandwidth yese, kune mishumo mumabhuku apo broadband antennas dzakabatana ne narrowband rectifiers.
Manetwork ekubatanidza zvinhu zvine mativi maviri (hybrid lumped-element) neakagoverwa-element ave achishandiswa zvakanyanya mumatopologies C naD, ne series inductors nema capacitors ari iwo anonyanya kushandiswa. Izvi zvinodzivirira maumbirwo akaomarara akadai se interdigitated capacitors, ayo anoda modeling uye kugadzirwa kwakarurama kupfuura standard microstrip lines.
Simba rekuisa kune rectifier rinokanganisa kupindira kwemagetsi nekuda kwekusaenderana kwe diode. Saka, rectenna yakagadzirirwa kuwedzera PCE kune imwe nhanho yesimba rekuisa uye kupindira kwemutoro. Sezvo ma diode ari capacitive high impedance pama frequency ari pasi pe 3 GHz, broadband rectennas dzinobvisa ma matching networks kana kuderedza ma simplifiers matching circuits dzakatariswa pama frequency Prf>0 dBm uye pamusoro pe 1 GHz, sezvo ma diode ane capacitive impedance yakaderera uye anogona kuenderana zvakanaka ne antenna, nokudaro kudzivirira dhizaini yema antenna ane input reactances >1,000Ω.
Kufananidza impedance inochinjika kana kuti inogadziriswazve kwakaonekwa muCMOS rectennas, uko network inofananidza ine on-chip capacitor banks uye inductors. Static CMOS matching networks dzakakurudzirwawo kune standard 50Ω antennas pamwe chete ne co-designed loop antennas. Zvakataurwa kuti passive CMOS power detectors dzinoshandiswa kudzora switch dzinotungamira output ye antenna kune akasiyana rectifiers uye ma matching networks zvichienderana nesimba riripo. Network inochinjikazve inoshandisa lumped tunable capacitors yakakurudzirwa, iyo inogadziriswa nekugadziriswa zvakanaka uku ichiyera input impedance uchishandisa vector network analyzer. Mu reconfigurable microstrip matching networks, field effect transistor switches dzakashandiswa kugadzirisa ma matching stubs kuti uwane dual-band characteristics.
Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve antenna, ndapota shanyira:
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-09-2024
