1.Introduction
Radio frequency (RF) simba rekukohwa (RFEH) uye radiative isina waya simba rekufambisa (WPT) yakwezva kufarira kukuru senzira dzekuwana bhatiri-isina svumbunuro isina waya network. Rectennas ibwe rekona reWPT uye RFEH masisitimu uye ane yakakosha kukanganisa pamagetsi eDC anounzwa kumutoro. Izvo antenna zvinhu zve rectenna zvinokanganisa zvakananga kushanda kwekukohwa, izvo zvinogona kusiyanisa simba rakakohwewa nemirairo yakati wandei yehukuru. Iri bepa rinoongorora magadzirirwo eantenna anoshandiswa muWPT uye ambient RFEH application. Iwo akashumwa rectennas akaiswa pasi pemaitiro maviri makuru: iyo antenna inogadzirisa impedance bandwidth uye nemwaranzi maitiro eiyo antenna. Kune imwe neimwe chiyero, nhamba yekukodzera (FoM) yezvikumbiro zvakasiyana inotemerwa uye inoongororwa zvichienzaniswa.
WPT yakakurudzirwa naTesla mukutanga 20th century senzira yekufambisa zviuru zvemabhiza. Izwi rekuti rectenna, iro rinotsanangura antenna yakabatana kune inogadziridza kukohwa simba reRF, yakabuda muma1950s yenzvimbo microwave magetsi ekufambisa maapplication uye kupa simba inozvimiririra drones. Omnidirectional, yakareba-range WPT inomanikidzirwa nemaitiro emuviri wepakati pekuparadzira (mhepo). Naizvozvo, yekutengesa WPT inonyanya kuganhurirwa kune iri pedyo-munda isiri-radiative simba rekufambisa kune isina waya yevatengi zvemagetsi kuchaja kana RFID.
Sezvo simba rekushandisa semiconductor zvishandiso uye isina waya sensor node inoramba ichidzikira, zvinova nyore kuita simba sensor node uchishandisa ambient RFEH kana kushandisa yakagoverwa yakaderera-simba omnidirectional transmitters. Ultra-low-power wireless power systems kazhinji ine RF yekutora kumberi kumagumo, DC simba uye ndangariro manejimendi, uye yakaderera-simba microprocessor uye transceiver.
Mufananidzo 1 unoratidza dhizaini yeRFEH isina waya node uye inowanzo kutaurwa RF kumberi-kuguma kuita. Kushanda kwekupedzisira-kusvika-kumagumo kweiyo isina waya yemagetsi sisitimu uye magadzirirwo eiyo yakawiriraniswa isina waya ruzivo uye simba rekufambisa network zvinoenderana nekuita kwezvikamu zvega, senge antennas, rectifiers, uye magetsi ekutonga maseketi. Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzemabhuku dzakaitwa kuzvikamu zvakasiyana zvehurongwa. Tafura 1 inopfupisa nhanho yekushandura simba, zvikamu zvakakosha zvekushandura simba kwakasimba, uye ongororo yezvinyorwa zvine chekuita nechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Mabhuku achangoburwa anotarisa pane tekinoroji yekushandura simba, rectifier topology, kana network-inoziva RFEH.
Mufananidzo 1
Nekudaro, dhizaini yeantenna haina kutariswa sechinhu chakakosha muRFEH. Kunyangwe mamwe mabhuku achifunga antenna bandwidth uye kushanda zvakanaka kubva pakuona kwese kana kubva kune yakatarwa antenna dhizaini maonero, senge miniaturized kana kupfeka antenna, mabatiro emamwe antenna maparamita pakutambira kwesimba uye kutendeuka kushanda zvakanaka hakuongororwe zvakadzama.
Iri bepa rinoongorora maitiro ekugadzira antenna mumarectenna nechinangwa chekusiyanisa RFEH uye WPT chaiyo antenna dhizaini matambudziko kubva kune yakajairwa kutaurirana antenna dhizaini. Antennas inofananidzwa kubva pamaonero maviri: kuguma-kusvika-kumagumo impedance matching uye nemwaranzi maitiro; mune imwe neimwe nyaya, iyo FoM inotaridzwa uye inoongororwa mune yepasi-ye-the-art (SoA) antennas.
2. Bandwidth uye Matching: Non-50Ω RF Networks
Iyo hunhu impedance ye50Ω ndeyekutanga kufunga kwekukanganisika pakati pekudzikisira uye simba mune microwave engineering application. Mune antennas, iyo impedance bandwidth inotsanangurwa seye frequency range apo simba rinoratidza riri pasi pe10% (S11< - 10 dB). Sezvo yakaderera ruzha amplifiers (LNAs), magetsi amplifiers, uye madetector anowanzo gadzirwa aine 50Ω yekupinda impedance match, 50Ω sosi inogara ichitaurwa.
Mune rectenna, kubuda kweiyo antenna kunodyiswa zvakananga mukugadzirisa, uye kusaenzana kweiyo diode kunokonzera mutsauko mukuru mukupinza impedance, ine capacitive chikamu chinotonga. Kutora 50Ω antenna, dambudziko guru nderekugadzira imwe RF yekufananidza network kuti ishandure iyo impedance yekuisa kune impedance yeinogadzirisa pafrequency yekufarira uye kuikwiridzira kune rimwe simba resimba. Muchiitiko ichi, kupera-kusvika-kumagumo impedance bandwidth inodiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekushandura RF kuenda kuDC. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe ma antenna achikwanisa kuwana theoretically isingaperi kana Ultra-wide bandwidth uchishandisa periodic elements kana self-complementary geometry, bandwidth yerectenna ichavharirwa neinogadzirisa inoenderana netiweki.
Mazhinji rectenna topology akakurudzirwa kuti awane imwe-bhendi uye akawanda-bhendi kukohwa kana WPT nekudzikisa kuratidzwa uye nekuwedzera simba rekufambisa pakati peantenna neinogadzirisa. Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza zvimiro zveiyo yakashumwa rectenna topology, yakakamurwa neiyo impedance inoenderana nedhizaini. Tafura 2 inoratidza mienzaniso ye-high-performance rectennas maererano nekuguma-kusvika-kumagumo bandwidth (munyaya iyi, FoM) yechikamu chimwe nechimwe.
Mufananidzo 2 Rectenna topology kubva pamaonero ebandwidth uye impedance yekufananidza. (a) Single-band rectenna ine standard antenna. (b) Multiband rectenna (inoumbwa neantenna dzakawanda dzakabatanidzwa) ine imwe inogadzirisa uye inofananidza network pabhendi. (c) Broadband rectenna ine akawanda RF madoko uye akaparadzana anoenderana network kune yega yega bhendi. (d) Broadband rectenna ine Broadband antenna uye Broadband inoenderana network. (e) Single-band rectenna inoshandisa magetsi diki antenna yakanangana neinogadzirisa. (f) Imwe-bhendi, antenna yakakura yemagetsi ine yakaoma impedance kuti ibatane neinogadzirisa. (g) Broadband rectenna ine yakaoma impedance kuti ibatane neinogadzirisa pamusoro pehuwandu hwema frequency.
Nepo WPT uye ambient RFEH kubva kune yakatsaurirwa feed akasiyana rectenna maapplication, kuwana kuguma-kusvika-kumagumo kuenzanisa pakati peantenna, rectifier uye mutoro zvakakosha kuti uwane yakakwirira simba rekushandura kushanda zvakanaka (PCE) kubva pa bandwidth maonero. Zvakangodaro, WPT rectennas inotarisa zvakanyanya pakuwana yakakwira mhando factor matching (yakaderera S11) kuvandudza single-bhendi PCE pane mamwe masimba emagetsi (topology a, e uye f). Iyo yakafara bandwidth yesingle-bhendi WPT inovandudza sisitimu kusadzivirirwa kune detuning, kugadzira hurema uye kurongedza parasitics. Kune rimwe divi, RFEH rectennas inoisa pamberi pe-multi-bhendi kushanda uye ndeye topologies bd uye g, sezvo simba rekutarisa density (PSD) rebhendi rimwechete kazhinji rakaderera.
3. Rectangular antenna design
1. Single-frequency rectenna
Iyo antenna dhizaini yeimwe-frequency rectenna (topology A) inonyanya kuenderana neyakajairwa antenna dhizaini, senge mutsara polarization (LP) kana denderedzwa polarization (CP) inopenya chigamba pane yepasi ndege, dipole antenna uye inverted F antenna. Differential band rectenna yakavakirwa paDC musanganiswa array akagadziridzwa ane akawanda antenna mayuniti kana yakasanganiswa DC uye RF musanganiswa weakawanda chigamba mayuniti.
Sezvo mazhinji emaantenna akatsanangurwa ari single-frequency antennas uye achisangana nezvinodiwa zve single-frequency WPT, kana uchitsvaga zvakatipoteredza multi-frequency RFEH, akawanda single-frequency antennas anosanganiswa kuita akawanda-bhendi rectennas (topology B) ine mutual coupling kudzvinyirira uye yakazvimiririra DC musanganiswa mushure meiyo simba manejimendi redunhu kuti ivaparadzanise zvachose kubva kuRF yekutora uye shanduko yedunhu. Izvi zvinoda akawanda emagetsi manejimendi maseketi ebhendi rega rega, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kushanda kweiyo boost converter nekuti simba reDC rebhendi rimwe rakaderera.
2. Multi-band uye Broadband RFEH antennas
Environmental RFEH inowanzobatanidzwa ne-multi-band acquisition; saka, nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzakarongwa dzekuvandudza bandwidth yeyakajairwa antenna magadzirirwo uye nzira dzekugadzira mbiri-bhendi kana bhendi antenna arrays. Muchikamu chino, tinoongorora magadzirirwo eantenna eRFEHs, pamwe neakare-multi-bhendi antenna ane mukana wekushandiswa serectennas.
Coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole antennas inogara diki nzvimbo pane microstrip chigamba antenna panguva imwecheteyo uye inoburitsa LP kana CP mafungu, uye inowanzoshandiswa kune Broadband nharaunda rectennas. Reflection ndege dzinoshandiswa kuwedzera kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kunatsiridza kuwana, zvichikonzera mapatani emwaranzi yakafanana neyechigamba antenna. Slotted coplanar waveguide antennas anoshandiswa kuvandudza impedance bandwidths kune akawanda frequency mabhendi, senge 1.8-2.7 GHz kana 1-3 GHz. Coupled-fed slot antennas uye chigamba antennas zvakare anowanzo shandiswa mune akawanda-bhendi rectenna dhizaini. Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza mamwe akashumwa akawanda-bhendi antenna anoshandisa anopfuura imwechete bandwidth nzira yekuvandudza.
Mufananidzo 3
Antenna-Rectifier Impedance Matching
Kufananidza 50Ω antenna kune isina mutsara inogadzirisa zvinonetsa nekuti iyo impedance yekuisa inosiyana zvakanyanya ne frequency. Mune topology A uye B (Mufananidzo 2), iyo inowanzoenderana network ndeye LC match uchishandisa lumped elements; zvisinei, iyo hama bandwidth inowanzove yakaderera pane yakawanda yekutaurirana mabhendi. Single-band stub matching inowanzo shandiswa mu microwave uye millimeter-wave mabhendi pazasi 6 GHz, uye yakashumwa millimeter-wave rectennas ine inheno nhete bandwidth nekuti PCE bandwidth yavo inovharirwa nekubuda kweharmonic kudzvanywa, izvo zvinovaita kunyanya kukodzera kune imwechete- bhendi WPT zvikumbiro mu24 GHz bhendi isina rezenisi.
Marectennas mutopology C uye D ane mamwe akaomarara anoenderana network. Yakagovaniswa zvizere mitsara yekubatanidza network yakakurudzirwa kuti ifananidze Broadband, ine RF block/DC pfupi dunhu (pass sefa) pachiteshi chekubuda kana DC inovharira capacitor senzira yekudzoka ye diode harmonics. Izvo zvinogadzirisa zvikamu zvinogona kutsiviwa neakadhindwa wedunhu bhodhi (PCB) interdigitated capacitors, ayo anogadzirwa achishandisa kutengeserana kwemagetsi dhizaini otomatiki maturusi. Zvimwe zvakashumwa Broadband rectenna matching network inosanganisa zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa zvekufananidza kune yakaderera ma frequency uye zvakagovaniswa zvinhu zvekugadzira iyo RF pfupi pane yekuisa.
Kusiyanisa iyo impedance yekupinda inocherechedzwa nemutoro kuburikidza nechitubu (inozivikanwa seyo sosi-kudhonza tekinoroji) yakashandiswa kugadzira Broadband rectifier ine 57% hama bandwidth (1.25-2.25 GHz) uye 10% yepamusoro PCE kana ichienzaniswa neyakavharwa kana kugoverwa maseketi. . Kunyangwe network inofananidzwa ichiwanzo kugadzirwa kuti ienderane nema antennas pamusoro peiyo 50Ω bandwidth yese, kune mishumo mumabhuku umo Broadband antennas akabatanidzwa kune narrowband rectifiers.
Hybrid lumped-element uye yakagoverwa-element matching network yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mutopology C uye D, ine akatevedzana inductors uye capacitor ari anonyanya kushandiswa lumped zvinhu. Izvi zvinodzivirira zvimiro zvakaoma senge interdigitated capacitors, izvo zvinoda kunyatso kurongeka uye kugadzirwa kupfuura yakajairwa microstrip mitsetse.
Simba rekuisa kune rectifier rinokanganisa iyo impedance yekupinza nekuda kweiyo nonlinearity ye diode. Naizvozvo, iyo rectenna yakagadzirirwa kukwirisa iyo PCE kune yakananga yekupinza simba nhanho uye kurodha impedance. Sezvo madhiodhi ari kunyanya capacitive yakakwirira impedance pamafrequencies pazasi 3 GHz, Broadband rectennas inobvisa anofananidzira network kana kuderedza akareruka ekuenzanisa maseketi akatariswa mafrequencies Prf> 0 dBm uye pamusoro pe1 GHz, sezvo diode ine yakaderera capacitive impedance uye inogona kunyatsoenderana. kune antenna, nekudaro kudzivirira dhizaini yeantenna ine reactance yekupinza> 1,000Ω.
Adaptive kana kudzoreredza impedance yekufananidza yakaonekwa muCMOS rectennas, uko inofananidzira network ine on-chip capacitor mabhangi uye inductors. Static CMOS inofananidzira network yakakumbirwawo akajairwa 50Ω antennas pamwe chete neyakagadzirwa loop antennas. Zvinonzi passive CMOS magetsi ma detectors anoshandiswa kudzora ma switch anonangisa kubuda kweantenna kune akasiyana anogadzirisa uye anofananidza network zvichienderana nesimba riripo. A reconfigurable inofananidzwa network uchishandisa lumped tunable capacitors yakatsanangurwa, iyo inogadziridzwa nekunyatso-tuning uku ichiyera iyo impedance yekupinza uchishandisa vector network analyzer. Mukugadzirisazve microstrip matching network, field effect transistor switches yakashandiswa kugadzirisa mastubs ekufananidza kuti uwane mbiri-bhendi maitiro.
Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve antennas, ndapota shanya:
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-09-2024
